Hardware · Memory

How much memory does a model need?

Pick an LLM and a context length. We add up the weights at every quantization, the KV cache that grows with context, and runtime overhead, then show the smallest systems and devices that hold it.

Model

Context length

Ling 1T at 8K context

Quantization	Weights	KV cache + overhead	Total	Smallest hardware that holds it
`Q2_K` Low	400 GB	3.3 GB	403 GB	AMD EPYC 7002 / 7003 series NAS (512 GB) Intel Xeon D-2700 series NAS (512 GB) Intel Xeon Silver (4100 to 4300 series) NAS (512 GB) 4 in all
`Q3_K_M` Low	490 GB	3.3 GB	493 GB	Nothing in the catalog holds this on one machine.
`Q4_K_M` Good	610 GB	3.3 GB	613 GB	Nothing in the catalog holds this on one machine.
`Q5_K_M` High	710 GB	3.3 GB	713 GB	Nothing in the catalog holds this on one machine.
`Q6_K` High	820 GB	3.3 GB	823 GB	Nothing in the catalog holds this on one machine.
`Q8_0` Very high	1,060 GB	3.3 GB	1,063 GB	Nothing in the catalog holds this on one machine.
`F16` Full	1,999 GB	3.3 GB	2,003 GB	Nothing in the catalog holds this on one machine.

Hardware is listed when its usable memory is at least 8% above the total. Macs count roughly two-thirds to three-quarters of unified memory as usable. Each link opens the full “can it run” breakdown with speed.

The rule of thumb

1 · WeightsParameters × bytes eachA 70B model at 4 bits per weight is about 70 × 0.6 ≈ 42 GB. Lower quantization shrinks it and costs some quality.

2 · KV cacheGrows with contextEvery token you keep in context stores keys and values for each layer. Doubling context doubles this part, so long documents cost real memory.

3 · OverheadLeave headroomThe runtime, the operating system and other apps need memory too. Aim for a total at least 10% under the memory your GPU or device can give a model.

Estimates come from published hardware specs and our open formulas, not from running the model on your machine. Real speed varies with runtime, drivers and settings. Numbers marked “Measured” come from a linked benchmark.